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Public investment in affordable broadband raises the question about how the major ISPs will utilize the government subsidies that will flow to them from the IIJA, as without clear rules reorienting behavior, past corporate practices are indicative of future priorities. The ISP industry is profitable and growing, taking in $132 billion in annual revenue and $13.2 billion in profits, and is dominated by five large corporations that accounted for 70 percent of industry revenue in 2021: AT&T, Comcast, Charter, Verizon, and Lumen (see Figure 1) (Curtis 2022). Most households have no choice